Question A:
The average US citizen would be better off if a larger number of low-skilled foreign workers were legally allowed to enter the US each year.
Responses
Source: IGM Economic Experts Panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
Responses weighted by each expert's confidence
Source: IGM Economic Experts Panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
Question B:
Unless they were compensated by others, many low-skilled American workers would be substantially worse off if a larger number of low-skilled foreign workers were legally allowed to enter the US each year.
Responses
Source: IGM Economic Experts Panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
Responses weighted by each expert's confidence
Source: IGM Economic Experts Panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel
Question A Participant Responses
| Participant | University | Vote | Confidence | Bio/Vote History |
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![]() Daron Acemoglu |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Alberto Alesina |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Joseph Altonji |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Real income of avg the American would rise, but social strains and inequality would also increase.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Alan Auerbach |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() David Autor |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Katherine Baicker |
University of Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Abhijit Banerjee |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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The median US worker (which is how I interpret the word average) is high skill by global standards
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![]() ![]() ![]() Marianne Bertrand |
Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Markus Brunnermeier |
Princeton | Bio/Vote History | ||
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It depends on whether one takes a long or short-term horizon.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Raj Chetty |
Harvard | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Judith Chevalier |
Yale | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Janet Currie |
Princeton | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() David Cutler |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Angus Deaton |
Princeton | Bio/Vote History | ||
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I think it matters a lot whether or not they are granted citizenship which we are not told.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Darrell Duffie |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Labor is a valuable factor input. My answer presumes that many of these new workers would be employed. But I'm not confident of that.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Aaron Edlin |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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This would drive down the cost of a variety of services.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Barry Eichengreen |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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"Average US citizen?" What does this mean. Unskilled natives likely to be worse off, skilled native better off. Who's average?
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![]() ![]() ![]() Liran Einav |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Ray Fair |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Amy Finkelstein |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Pinelopi Goldberg |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Austan Goolsbee |
Chicago | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Michael Greenstone |
University of Chicago | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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Robert Hall |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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If only workers are admitted, we come out ahead because of tax revenue. But it's not so obvious if they bring their families and relatives.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Oliver Hart |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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On average citizens would be better off--by classical gains from trade . A countervailing effect : welfare payments to unemployed immigrants
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![]() ![]() ![]() Bengt Holmström |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Caroline Hoxby |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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I am sure that I am uncertain. A certain answer would require a knowledge of general eqm effects on which we've only a partial grasp.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Hilary Hoynes |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Kenneth Judd |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Free trade is as good as migration for traded goods. The impact on nongraded goods is unclear, as are the burdens on social programs.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Steven Kaplan |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Anil Kashyap |
Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Pete Klenow |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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But the gains to immigrants would be large. -see background information here
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![]() ![]() ![]() Jonathan Levin |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Card's Ely lecture argues wage effects are small. Pro-immigration arguments partly about welfare of immigrants, rather than residents. -see background information here
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![]() ![]() ![]() Eric Maskin |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() William Nordhaus |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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This response is based on the idea that it will increase inequality, which is already too great.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Maurice Obstfeld |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Emmanuel Saez |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Larry Samuelson |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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There will be gains and losses of various types to various people; it is difficult to reduce these to a net effect on an average citizen.
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![]() ![]() ![]() José Scheinkman |
Columbia University | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Richard Schmalensee |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Very unclear how to think about the "average" citizen when there would likely be winners and losers.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Carl Shapiro |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Substituting legal immigration for illegal immigration would enhance efficiency and equity.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Robert Shimer |
University of Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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For low skill workers, the main adverse effects are through wages. For high skill, through fiscal costs. Both costs could be small
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![]() ![]() ![]() Hyun Song Shin |
Princeton | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Nancy Stokey |
Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Richard Thaler |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Christopher Udry |
Northwestern | Bio/Vote History | ||
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The evidence is that complementarities would make most Americans better off. The data is not decisive, though.
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Question B Participant Responses
| Participant | University | Vote | Confidence | Bio/Vote History |
|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() ![]() ![]() Daron Acemoglu |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Alberto Alesina |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Joseph Altonji |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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I agree that the effect would be negative, but believe that it would be modest, not substantial.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Alan Auerbach |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() David Autor |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Katherine Baicker |
University of Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Abhijit Banerjee |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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It all turns on what fraction of low skilled US workers don't have an option that they clearly prefer to these mostly dead end low paid jobs
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![]() ![]() ![]() Marianne Bertrand |
Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Markus Brunnermeier |
Princeton | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Raj Chetty |
Harvard | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Judith Chevalier |
Yale | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Janet Currie |
Princeton | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() David Cutler |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Angus Deaton |
Princeton | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Darrell Duffie |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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A higher number of workers of the same type seeking jobs would lower their average wages or employment rate, other things equal.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Aaron Edlin |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Those who compete with low skill immigrants will be hurt by extra competition.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Barry Eichengreen |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Liran Einav |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Ray Fair |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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"substantially" is probably too strong.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Amy Finkelstein |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Pinelopi Goldberg |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Austan Goolsbee |
Chicago | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Michael Greenstone |
University of Chicago | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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Robert Hall |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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My understanding is that the Mariel question is still up in the air in terms of serious research.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Oliver Hart |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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There can be winners and losers. Similarly skilled workers will face greater competition for jobs and their wages may fall.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Bengt Holmström |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Caroline Hoxby |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Low-skilled workers would probably be worse off but positive gen eqm effects might offset negative direct effects.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Hilary Hoynes |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Kenneth Judd |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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It is hard to see how they would benefit, and they would lose from the competition in the labor market.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Steven Kaplan |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Anil Kashyap |
Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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I believe the evidence show that some low-skilled natives suffer, but whether many suffer substantially not clear given what I know on this
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![]() ![]() ![]() Pete Klenow |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
![]() ![]() ![]() Jonathan Levin |
Stanford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Again, Card's work suggests this is not obvious, although one might expect increased labor market competition.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Eric Maskin |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() William Nordhaus |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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"Substantially" is a vague term, but on the whole it would probably lower incomes at the bottom.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Maurice Obstfeld |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Emmanuel Saez |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Larry Samuelson |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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These are the most likely candidates for people who will be adversely affected.
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![]() ![]() ![]() José Scheinkman |
Columbia University | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Richard Schmalensee |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Carl Shapiro |
Berkeley | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Substituting legal for illegal immigration could provide benefits to low-skilled workers generally, for both economic and political reasons.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Robert Shimer |
University of Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Evidence that immigration pushes down low skill wages is mixed
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![]() ![]() ![]() Hyun Song Shin |
Princeton | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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![]() ![]() ![]() Nancy Stokey |
Chicago | Bio/Vote History | ||
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![]() ![]() ![]() Richard Thaler |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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No way to answer this without knowing the definition of "many" and "substantially" plus some facts.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Christopher Udry |
Northwestern | Bio/Vote History | ||
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The "many" is the problem: some would certainly be hurt (unless compensated). But "many"?
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